Aplikasi IT

A. Pengantar Jaringan Komputer

Jaringan komputer telah berkembang selama lebih dari 40 tahun, dan dalam kurun waktu tersebut fungsinya telah berubah dari sekedar alat percobaan di laboratorium menjadi suatu sistem yang digunakan oleh berjuta-juta orang setiap harinya.

Gambar 1.1 Jaringan Komputer (http://www.racerocks.com)

Jaringan komputer pertama bernama Arpanet, yang merupakan cikal bakal internet dimana jutaan orang diberbagai belahan dunia dapat mengakses untuk saling berkomunikasi, berbagi informasi dan mencari informasi dengan cepat dan sangat mudah tanpa dibatasi oleh waktu dan wilayah, dan semakin hari perkembangannya semakin meningkat.

B. Internet

Pada tahun 1963, RAND Coorporation membangun suatu jaringan yang menghubungkan semua tempat strategis di Amerika Serikat dengan UCLA sebagai pusat jaringannya. Pada tahun 1964 dikeluarkan proposal RAND yang intinya membentuk jaringan yang sifatnya tidak terpusat pada satu tempat dan tetap berfungsi sekalipun dalam keadaan hancur. Proposal ini diilhami oleh munculnya NET di awal tahun 1960-an. Pada tahun 1969 empat buah IMP (interface Message Processor) dikirimkan ke 4 perguruan tinggi yaitu, UCLA, SRI (standart research Institute), UCSB (University of California Santa Barbara) dan University of Utah. Jaringan ini kemudian disebut ARPANET yang kemudian hari hari berkembang menjadi internet seperti sekarang.

Sampai saat ini belum ada istilah/definisi yang cocok untuk mendefinisikan internet, alasannya adalah perbedaan makna antara dahulu, sekarang dan masa yang akan datang. Hal ini disebabkan kekomplekan yang ada pada internet serta perubahan yang terjadi setiap saat pada arsitekturnya serta cara pandang orang yang memiliki berbagai persepsi mengenai internet.

Secara umum internet merupakan suatu jaringan komputer yang terdiri dari berbagai macam ukuran jaringan komputer diseluruh dunia mulai dari sebuah PC, jaringan-jaringan lokal skala kecil, jaringan-jaringan skala menengah hingga jaringan-jaringan utama yang menjadi backbound internet.

Sebelum mengenal internet lebih jauh, ada baiknya kita mengetahui lebih dulu pengertian dari jaringan komputer. Jaringan komputer adalah suatu gabungan nberbagai peralatan komunikasi dan komputer yang dihubungkan satu sama lain lewat medium komunikasi secara elaktronik. Komunikasi dapat dengan menggunakan kabel untuk jenis LAN (Local Area Network) , sedang untuk cakupan wil

ayah yang lebih luas sperti WAN (Wide Area Network) dapat menggunakan saluran telepon, gelombang mikro maupun satelit.

Gambar 1.2 Local Area Network

(www.ppimk.or.id/produk/billing/)

Gambar 1.3 Wide Area Network

(www.angelfire.com/id/alfy/jar1.html)

Untuk dapat mengakses internet dibutuhkan perlengkapan yang disebut modem (modulation/demodulation) yang berfungsi sebagai pembawa signal dari tempat asal ketempat tujuan dengan menggunakan gelombang frekuansi tinggi. Mesin komputer yang terhubung ke jaringan di sebut node. Tempat pemakai jaringan berada disebut terminal.

Semua perlengkapan jaringan saling berkomunikasi lewat suatu aturan umum yang disebut protokol. Ada beberapa jenis protokol yang dapat yang digunakan di internet, namun yang paling umum adalah TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

C. Perangkat Akses

Agar dapat terkoneksi ke jaringan internet, diperlukan beberapa perangkat tambahan selain komputer, diantaranya adalah :

a. Hardware

Modem : internal atau eksternal menghubungkan antara komputer dengan jalur komunikasi.

Saluran komunikasi : media yang digunakan untuk menerima atau mengirim data dari dan ke internet.

b. Software

Software untuk mengakses internet seperti web browser ( Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Netscape, Mosaic dll), software Email (Microsoft Outlook, pegasus mail), software pengirim/penerima data ( Cute FTP, BFTP dll)

c. Penyedia akses

Untuk dapat mengakses ke internet kita harus menggunakan suatu provider penyedia jasa internet (Centrin, Telkomnet Instan, Indonet, Wasantara dll).

D. DNS (Domain Name Sevice)

Setiap komputer yang terkoneksi ke jaringan TCP/IP didefinisikan melalui IP Address. Suatu nama (disebut host name) juga dapat diberikan ke setiap device yang memiliki IP Adrress. IP address terdiri dari 4 segmen, masing –masing segmen terdiri dari 3 digit angka.

Contoh : 167.205.xxx.xxx

200.169.xxx.xxx

Dimana xxx diisi dengan angka 0-255

Alamat inilah yang dipakai sebagai pengenal suatu perangkat yang terkoneksi ke internet. Apakah manusia dapat menghapal angka-angka tersebut ketika ia akan mengakses alamat-alamat yang ada di internet ? tentu saja tidak. Oleh karena itu manusia sebagai pengguna network memerlukan metode penamaan yang mudah diingat dan diketik dengan tepat dibandingkan harus mengingat dan mengetikkan IP Address suatu komputer.

Pada internet setiap mesin diberi nama informatif. Dengan melihat nama suatu mesin, minimal orang dapat membayangkan dimana mesin berada dan service apa yang diberikannya. Bentuk hostname yang dipakai pada internet mirip dengan IP Address yaitu terdiri dari segmen berupa tingkatan. Contoh hostname :

Dns.unikom.ac.id

If.unikom.ac.id

Dns.inkom.lipi.go.id

Arti dari nama dns.unikom.ac.id adalah suatu mesin yang diberi nama dns, fungsinya sebagai domain name server, mesin ini berada di UNIKOM, tergabung dalam domain ac (academic) dan berada di Indonesia (id). Sedang dns.inkom.lipi.go.id berada di LIPI Bandung tergabung dalam domain go (government) dan berada di Indonesia (id).

Top level domain yang dipakai pada internet adalah singkatan nama negara (geografis). Beberapa contoh top level ini adalah :

id	:	Indonesia	ca	:	Kanada
fr	:	Perancis	jp	:	Jepang
nl	:	Belanda	th	:	Thailand
au	:	Australia	uk	:	Inggris

Adapun level-level domain yang lainnya seperti :

go/gov	:	Lembaga pemerintah	net	:	Pensupport network
ac/edu	:	Lembaga pendidikan	org	:	Milik organisasi
co/com	:	Lembaga komersial
mil	:	Organisasi militer

Getting a Healthy Heart

Your father, brother or mom, your best friend, have had a heart attack and you’re worried that there is a strong chance it could be you next, if you don't change your life today.

Proactol.com have researched into how you can drastically cut your risks of having a heart attack and pursuing a healthy lifestyle instead. You might think it’ll be too hard, but it’s much easier than you might think!

With over 800,000 Americans death linked to heart attacks and cardiac related illnesses in one year alone, it is time to consider those necessary stepping stones that make your chances of getting a healthy heart more realistic.

Remember that many heart related illnesses can be prevented and that by making the right steps today, you can make a healthy heart last a lifetime. Remember, this is the No.1 cause of death in the US, accordingto the FDA.

To help get your health back on track, you might be interested in Proactol™, which can help:

• Reduce excess weight – Proactol™ can help you get back into your favourite clothes by reducing your food cravings and suppressing your appetite
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• Expert Advice – Do you find it hard making those weight loss meetings? Now you can get 24/7 online advice just at the click of a button
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The Best Way to Lose Weight

Let's face it; there is no substitute for hard work. Everyone knows that one of the best ways to lose weight is through proper diet and exercise. It isn't always easy to do. Many people lead hectic lives. They have demanding jobs that leave very little time to eat let alone eat properly. Some people have children or have jobs which are very demanding and leave very little time (or energy) for exercise. Proper dieting and exercise is achievable. With a little planning and will power you can be on your way to a slimmer trimmer and healthier new you.

The benefits of a proper diet

Let's begin by examining the definition of a diet. Simply put, a diet is eating particular foods in strictly controlled amount in order to regulate or control weight gain or loss. For some people, like athletes, the primary goal is weight gain especially in the form of muscle. For others, the goal is weight loss primarily in the form of fat. Many people diet not to gain or lose any weight, but they diet in order to maintain or stabilize their current or desired body weight.

Proper dieting is not only essential to losing weight but is essential for maintaining good health. However, each person must use caution when dieting. Not every diet is right for you. Sometimes it's very difficult for some people to not only lose weight but to keep it off for long period of time. This could be due to changes in the person’s lifestyle, metabolism, genetics, hormones or even their general health. In fact, it's been reported that only 20% of dieters who have lost 10% or more of their body weight are able to keep that weight off for more than a year.

Losing weight and keeping it off is not always easy to accomplish, but it is well worth the effort. Among the benefits of losing weight is reduced risk of heart disease. Maintaining good health and having more energy are beneficial as well. Living a long life is also a plus. Being that it isn't always easy to stick to a diet it's good to construct a plan that works for you. It's always best to consult with a professional in order to find a diet that is right for you and safely produce the results you need.

Exercise, exercise, exercise!

Needless to say, exercise is also a great way to lose weight and maintain good health. Exercise is considered to be any physical activity that helps keep the body fit and improve mental as well as physical health. In particular, aerobic exercise is necessary in building muscle in the body and strengthening the heart. As a rule of thumb, effective aerobic exercise should increase your heart rate by 50% (starting from a resting state) for about 30 minutes, 3 times per week. For most people, this can be accomplished through a nice quick walk. Find interesting and creative ways to exercise. For instance, take the stares instead of the elevator next time. Park your car farther away in order to walk more. On a beautiful day, take a walk in the park with a friend, or ride your bike around your neighborhood. See how many creative ideas you can come up with to exercise, your body will thank you for it.

Healthy Cholesterol Levels

Before you start eating your favorite, you might want to know whether you’re having too much cholesterol. Few years ago, many were not aware what cholesterol level is but with all the information everywhere people are becoming aware how their cholesterol levels affect their lives. You have to remember that you are what you eat and what you eat has something to do with your cholesterol. What is cholesterol? How will you know if you have a healthy cholesterol level?

Cholesterol Is…

Cholesterol is a type of lipid needed in all the vital functions of the body. Every single one of our cells is surrounded by cholesterol and its job is to insulate our nerve fibers. By insulating the nerve fibers, the cholesterol ensures that the nerve signals are traveling properly which is extremely important. Cholesterol also produces hormones which are used to carry specific signals around the body.

Too much cholesterol in the body would increase your chances of heart disease. If you have a high cholesterol level, you should bring it down. Even though cholesterol is essential for our bodies to function properly, still it should be controlled properly.

What Is Your Cholesterol Level?

How do you know if your cholesterol levels are high? You have to consult your doctor let you know exactly what your cholesterol level is. Knowing your levels is not really enough to tell whether or not you have a risk of heart disease, you need to find out what your Lipoprotein levels is.

Lipoproteins are molecules which are especially designed to carry cholesterol around the body. They are important because they control exactly how much cholesterol is in your body. Now, there are two main types of Lipoproteins:

- High Density Lipoproteins
- Low Density Lipoproteins

The one which you really need to be aware of is Low Density Lipoproteins. A high level of Low Density Lipoproteins means that you have a bad cholesterol that here is too much of it to build up. High Density Lipoproteins means good cholesterol that they are used to carry cholesterol away from cells and to the liver.

The complicated thing about cholesterol is the right level you should belong. The doctor has the ability to tell you how low your cholesterol levels should be. The average person usually should have around 4.0mmol/l but if you have a low density lipoprotein count, then you should have around 2.0mmol/l. As mentioned, however, each person is different so you need to get your levels checked to see exactly what you should be aiming for.

Cholesterol is important and you should know what levels you have for you to know what you can do about it. More and more people are developing heart disease due to high levels of cholesterol so it is advisable to go to your doctors to know your cholesterol level.

There are many ways to improve your cholesterol level. Eat healthy food that can help lower your LDL cholesterol level. With a healthy diet, your body is protected from the damaging effect of cholesterol. You should quit smoking, lose weight and exercise to raise your HDL cholesterol level.

Following a healthy low fat diet can lower cholesterol levels. If healthy eating and exercising don’t work after about six months, consult your family doctor of the medicine to lower your cholesterol level.

Free Diet Plans Can Work For You

Dieting web sites and dieting plans are so successful that it's almost a given that anybody can find the perfect free dieting scheme on the internet. Free diet plans are, well, free - you don't pay anything upfront. But many people don’t trust them having a good reason. The famed "cabbage soup diet" or the "3 days diet" are just two random examples of diet plans that will never work and can even be downright dangerous.

So how can you find a sound free diet plan? Is there any such a thing?

The keyword when you're looking for a diet plan is common sense. Use your knowledge and your intuition to pick between the various diets, it's not that hard. For example it would be a good thing to find out right from the start what the right amount of calories you need based on your current weight and daily activity. It's worth noting that even if you are 100 lbs and a complete couch potato, you still need about 1300 calories per day just to stay alive and well.

For most of us, a good dieting plan would do nothing more than give some guidelines on what to eat to stay within the daily limits for calories. And any plan that attempts to tell you that 500 calories per day is good for you won't help you at all.

After decades of dieting, many people have become more knowledgeable and it's easier to say when we are eating something we shouldn't. Any scheme, be it a free diet plan or one especially made for you by a dietician, will take into account that you will be faced with having to eat some no - so - healthy food sooner or later. You never know what will be on the menu at your cousin's wedding party or at that very important dinner meeting with out of town customers.

The next very important thing is to find a diet that can accommodate your favorite foods, even if they are pork chops and fries. You won't be able to diet and feel happy about it if you have to give up everything you like. Incorporating foods you like is beneficial in the long run and it will drastically decrease the danger of binge eating.

And another tricky part you have to take into account when you try a free diet plan is during the day you are most likely to eat. I am yet to find a person who likes to eat very early in the morning and needs to diet. Hey, maybe I'm on to something here!
A good diet plan will make the transition from a dedicated evening eater to a healthy morning eater seem easy and enjoyable. And the whole purpose of a diet plan is to make life and food enjoyable even when it's served in small, healthy bites. Dieting is supposed to be fun, to make you feel happier, healthier and ready to try even more nice new things in your life!

Exercises to Lose Weight Quickly

Along with adhering to a proper diet, exercise can be a very important part of losing weight. In particular, strength and aerobic exercise are both excellent ways to lose weight in a short period of time. Of course, anyone aspiring to lose weight should consult with a physician first. It's always best to first and plan out a physical exercise program that is adjusted to your own physical condition. If you are not use to exercising you should start off with exercises that are slow and easy until you can progress to something more challenging. This way you will feel better about your progress and lose weight at a steady pace.

It has been scientifically proven that strength exercises actually burn energy for close to 24 hours after workout. Some examples of strength exercises may include weight lifting, pushups, pull ups, etc. Strength training may not offer the same benefits as a cardiovascular workout but a combination of the two are a good idea. By strength training your body will benefit from increased muscle mass and muscle strength. Mobility of the joints, an increased immune system, and weight loss will result as well. Frequent strength exercises will keep your body in great shape better than any fast weight loss diet available.

With continuous aerobic exercise the body will benefit in many ways. Some aerobics exercises may include dancing, stepping, jumping rope, walking, jogging, running, swimming, cycling, and so much more. Through cardiovascular workouts you will see significant improvements in the respiratory and circulatory systems. As a rule of thumb aerobic exercises require you to keep your heart rate above 50% of your normal heart rate when it is at rest. For example, if your resting heart rate is 68 beats per minute your target rate during aerobic exercise should be 102 bpm. This 50% increase in heart rate should be kept up for about 30 minutes and should be done for a minimum of 3 times throughout the week. You can accomplish this very easily by taking time to go on a brisk walk indoors or outside. Taking the stairs instead of the elevator is helpful as well.

We are all unique and no two people are created to be the same. Therefore you should consult with a doctor or exercise professional in order to set goals and create an exercise routine that will suit your needs. Once an aerobic exercise program is started the average person will notice several changes. Most of you will see a steady increase in your endurance. Some of you will also increase your body’s uptake of oxygen two times. When it comes to strength training exercises, a small number of you will see an increase in muscle growth. On the other hand, a majority of you will notice an increase in strength. There is good news for all of you. There is scientific evidence proving that exercising in your middle ages will increase your physical fitness, physical ability and flexibility later on in life.

Losing weight can truly be a challenge. However, with a proper diet and exercise program seeing physical results can be encouraging. As you continue to exercise your body will benefit from both aerobic exercise and strength training for a long time to come. You will look better, feel healthier and live longer.

Everyday Ideas To Boost Your Exercise Program

1. When you arrive at work, park your car further away from your entrance - same applies when you go shopping too. Also, when at work, try to use the stair case rather than the elevator. Just start with one flight of stairs and then build your stamina up.

2. If you go to work on foot, try thinking of ways to make your journey a little longer. One Proactol customer gets off the subway one stop early and walks an extra 10 minutes per day because of this.

3. If at all possible, try to spend your lunch time walking somewhere. If you get a few of your colleagues out of work for this, then you will feel more motivated through their support also.

4. We all either love or hate doing housework, but keep in mind that vacuuming the house can be a great booster to your exercise routine and can help burn off some calories.

Remember vacumming for 1 hour equates to 193 calories burnt; dusting is 170 calories per hour, mopping floors is 190 and car washing is 230 calories.

5. Start to enjoy your garden. By mowing the lawn, planting new plants, pulling out weeds and raking leaves can help you along the way. Gardening for 1 hours will burn approx 280 calories off.

6. If you have a dog, then start walking them more and more. They will only love you for it! If you don’t have a dog, is there a neighbour you could be helping out?

7. As a family or with your friends, you could start doing a walk after dinner. As well as get your heart beating faster, it’s nice to spend time with your loved ones.

8. If you have more time on an evening, don’t take your car to the local shops, why not walk for once?

9. Try out some exercise videos, you can get all kinds, even dance ones.

10. Running, swimming, hiking, badminton, squash, tennis, basketball, yoga, pilates, 5-a-side football, cycling…. are all going to help you along!

Do Diet Pills Really Work?

The effectiveness of diet pills and their main ingredients have been extensively studied by many research institutes and organizations world wide. This research has never been pulled together or published in a way that gives you, the consumer a chance to compare all of the different diet pills and weight loss products available on the market to make an informed decision.

According to ‘Fat Exploding the Myths - by Lisa Colles’ Americans are reported to spend an estimated $50billion each year on weight loss products and it is estimated that over $6billion of that is spent on weight loss products that are fraudulent.

Weight Loss Research’s aim is to help consumers avoid buying fraudulent weight loss products and point them in the direct of success. Weight Loss Research has conducted extensive research on a large number of diet pills and their main ingredients. Below you will find a detailed overview of this research.

Our research made us realize that a large number of diet pills on offer are ineffective and even somewhat dangerous. Although through the research we did find some diet pills that are effective, have no known side effects and are very good value for money.

Avoid This Appetite suppressants:

Hoodia

Hoodia is probably the most well known diet pill ingredient. For the last few years Hoodia has been heavily marketed and therefore it has become very popular.

Hoodia is a cactus-like plant known as the prickly pear cactus. It grows in semi-deserts and can be found in South Africa, Botswana, Nambia and Angola.

Hoodia contains a chemical called P57 that targets the hypothalamus which is the part of the brain that tells you that you are hungry or full. Some studies have shown that Hoodia is 10,000 times more effective than glucose at telling hypothalamus that you are full.

The main concerns with Hoodia are that there is over 13 types of the substanc. However the only active ingredient for appetite suppressing found so far is P57 and this can only be found in one type of Hoodia called Hoodia Gordonii. It takes about five years for Hoodia Gordonii to mature so that it can be harvested and the P57 can be abstracted.

Hoodia has been in very high demand yet it is very hard to grow and harvest so there is very low supply. With a high demand and low supply it is very questionable whether all the products claiming to contain Hoodia actually do.

There have been widespread reports of counterfeit Hoodia products. Some of the reports estimate that almost 80 percent of Hoodia products are contaminated or counterfeit. Therefore many Hoodia consumers will be wasting their hard earned money on counterfeit goods that contain nothing but bulk and filler. It is impossible to know if a Hoodia product contains pure Hoodia, and the active ingredient P57, unless it has been tested by an independent laboratory.

In conclusion Weight Loss Research would advise that you should be very cautious if you purchase Hoodia based weight loss products because you could be wasting your money on product that does not contain what it needs to, to aid weight loss.

Phentermine

Phentermine is a prescription medication; however you can find it readily available online in many different forms and strengths. Phentermine works by suppressing appetite via a central mechanism in the brain. Phentermine is a stimulant that increases the amount of adrenaline in your body and this suppresses the appetite. Phentermine has been used as an effective form of therapy for obese patients who need to lose weight. However, Phentermine can cause a series of side effects so it should only be used as a short term drug to help patients with the beginning of their weight loss programme rather than a long term weight loss aid. In conclusion Weight Loss Research believes that patients should really consider the potential side effects and consult medical advice before choosing Phentermine. Whilst most of the reported side effects of Phentermine are mild, there have also been reports of more serious side effects such as blurred vision, dry mouth, sleeplessness, irritability, chest pain and rapid heart beats.

Ephedra

Ephedra is an active ingredient used in many diet pills and weight loss supplements. Many of these products are advertised as ‘Thermo’, ‘Lean’ or ‘Fat Burners’. Since the early 1990, the FDA has issued numerous warnings to consumers of diet products and supplements containing Ephedrine and we too would recommend that you exercise extreme caution before consuming any products that contain this substance.

Ephedra is made up of amphetamine-like compounds. These compounds have powerful stimulant effects on the central nervous system and the heart. Ephedrines act in a similar way to adrenaline. This substance dilates the bronchial muscles, contracts the nasal mucosa, raises the blood pressure and is a cardiac stimulant. These powerful stimulants can cause dangerous side effects such as irregular or rapid heartbeats, and psychological side effects such as depression, nervousness and insomnia. When taken in conjunction with caffeine and some herbal stimulates, ephedrine can over-stimulate the central nervous system, with potentially life threatening consequences.

In conclusion Weight Loss Research believes that weight loss products containing Ephedra should be avoided because of the serious and potentially life threatening side effects.

Avoid This Fat blockers

Chitosan

Chitosan is the name given to fibre derived from the exoskeleton of shellfish and it claims to have the ability to block fats. There are some outrageous claims about Chitosan across the internet from sellers claiming that you can eat whatever you want and still lose weight. However, there is very little evidence in the form of clinical studies to back up these sensationalist claims.

Most of the Chitosan research has been carried out on animals. These studies did show that Chitosan had some fat-absorbing abilities. However, we could not find any conclusions from studies that were carried out on human participants. From our research we have found that most weight loss experts tend to agree that Chitosan does not work effectively for weight loss. However Chitosan does have a different benefit, studies have shown that Chitosan can lower cholesterol levels.

In conclusion Weight Loss Research would advise you against buying Chitosan as a complete weight loss supplement as there is no evidence that it works. Although Chitosan has been proven to lower cholesterol levels, most Chitosan products are very expensive and there are cheaper, more effective cholesterol management products available.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

So, what does CLA claim to do? CLA is a fatty acid that is produced by bacteria in the gut of animals such as sheep, cows and turkeys. It is also found in small amounts in plants such as sunflowers and safflowers. It is thought that humans can also make CLA, given the right balance of bacteria in their gut and a healthy diet. Its function is to help transport, store and metabolize fats in the body.

Most of the research into CLA has involved studying its anti-cancer properties in animals and human volunteers. More recently, studies have looked into CLA’s ability to increase lean tissue (build muscle), while reducing fatty tissue in the body..

So far, scientific research on CLA’s weight loss claims has been mainly based on animal studies. These studies have shown an improvement in the muscle-to-fat ratio i.e. fat loss and muscle gain; very few studies have been conducted using human volunteers. Those studies that were carried out on humans have shown a range in results from loss of fat to either negligible effects or even an increase in fat mass. We are still awaiting data from long-term studies involving humans before we can draw conclusions as to its efficiency and safety in helping people lose weight. In the meantime, we would suggest caution in taking CLA supplements. Pregnant and breastfeeding mums should avoid this altogether.

In conclusion CLA is an expensive fat burner that has very little clinical evidence to back up its claims of fat burning and fat reduction. Until more research is carried out Weight Loss Research would advise consumers to think carefully before spending a lot of money on a product that may have very little effect.